Friday, January 31, 2014

DOORS, WINDOWS AND VENTILATORS

A door may be defined as an openable barrier secured in an opening left in a wall for the purpose of providing access to the users of the structure.It basically consists of two parts, namely, frame and shutter.The door shutter is held in position by the door frame which in turn is fixed in the opening of the wall by some suitable means
A window may be defined as an opening mad in a wall for the purpose of providing day light, vision and ventilation.It also like door consist of two parts i.e.frame and shutter.The window frame is suitably fixed in the opening of the wall and the window shutter is held in position by the window frame.

                      IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS OF DOOR AND WINDOW 

Purpose: The main function of doors in a building is to serve as a connecting link between the various internal parts.The number of doors in a room should be kept minimum due to the fact that more number of doors will cause obstruction and reduce the effective usable carpet area of the room.The windows are generally provided to give light and ventilation both to the interior parts of a building.When windows are provided for the purpose light only, as in case of storage rooms,show rooms, etc., they may be fixed so that they cannot be opened.But when the windows are provided for light and ventilation,some or all the portion of windows must open.This can be achieved by providing suitable hinges at top,bottom or sides.

Size:In general, a door should have such dimension as will allow the movement of the largest object likely to use the door.The minimum widths for interior doors, external doors and doors in public buildings such as hospitals, library, etc.,are 800 mm, 1 m and 1.20 m respectively.Regarding height and width of a door, the general rule followed in India, is as follows:                                         
Height = width + 1 m to 1.20 m approximately                                                                                     
Width  = 0.4 to 0.6 of height.  
 The size of window depends on the dimensions of the room, direction and speed of the wind, obstruction to light by neighbouring building and trees, dry bulb temperature, relative humidity, climatic conditions of the region, etc. Following general rules may me observed while deciding the size of window:
Breadth of window = 1/8 (width of room + Height of room)
for 30 m3   inside contents of the room, there should be at least one m2 of window opening.
The total area of the window opening should be at least 15 per cent of the floor area of the room.
The total area of glass panels in the window opening should be at least 10 per cent of the floor area of the room.
For public buildings, the provision of window opening should be more than above requirements.
 The BIS recommends that the size of door frame and window frame should be derived after allowing a margin of 5 mm all around an opening for convenience of fixing.The width and height of an opening is indicated by number of modules where each module is of 100 mm


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The height of opening for door is considered from below the floor finish to the bottom of lintel.In the designation for door, the letter D, S and T represent respectively door, single shutter and double shutters.For instance, the designation 9 DS 20 denotes a door opening having width equal to 9 modules i.e. 900 mm and height equal to 20 modules i.e.2000 mm.The door is with single shutter.In a similar way, the designation 12 DT 20 denotes a door opening having width equal to 20 modules i.e. 1200 mm and height equal to 20 modules i.e. 200 mm. The door is of two shutters.
For the designation of windows, the letters W, S and T represent respectively window, single shutter and double shutters.For instance, the designation 6 WS 13 denote a window opening with single shutters having width equal to 6 modules i.e. 600 mm and height equal to 13 modules i.e. 1300 mm.In a similar way, the designation 12 WT 12 denotes a window opening with two shutters having width and height each equal to 12 modules i.e. 1200 mm. 
 Location:The doors and windows are generally located by the architect of the building following general rules may be observed while deciding the location of doors and windows:
The doors should be preferably be located near the corner of a room, at a distance of about  200 mm from the corner.
The sill of a window opening should preferably be located at a height of  700 mm to 800 mm from inside of the floor level.
The factors such as distribution of light, control of ventilation, prevalent direction of wind, privacy, etc., should be considered in the location of windows.
The doors and windows should be located by keeping in view the interior decoration and the functional requirements of the room.

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COURTYARD (recent works)

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PRINCIPLE OF SITE SELECTION

The functional planning is a pre-requisite of any type of building.Good planning imparts good environment for living, working and recreation. Good homes means the house which are well built and well planned for efficient and comfortable living, with an environment required for building up of happy, healthy, beautiful, cheerful and peaceful lives.
                           Also good planning of factory buildings or business buildings improve working environment. The working conditions should be planned and developed in such a way the people working there should feel pleasure rather than feel boresome. This will increase efficiency and output of the work , Which in end is beneficial to national growth and uplift.
                         For good planning and designing of a buildings, the site selection of the building is the most important.The following general principle should be kept in mind while selecting a site for a building:
1.The purpose of the building and extend of privacy is desired.
2.The site should be located in fully developed or fast developing locality.
3.The site should be located in such way that community services like police and fire protection, clearing of waste and street cleaning, utility services like water-supply, electricity, drainage, etc., amenities like school, hospital, market, cinema, bank etc., shopping facilities and means of transport are also available within short distance.
4.Before selecting a site, one should study the bye-laws of the local authority, which before restrictions regarding proportions of plots to be built up, open space and margins to be left in front and sides, heights of building etc.
5.Area of plot should be such that the building constructed on it meet the requirements of the owner, after following certain restriction of local authority.
6.Shape of the plot should  be irregular or not having any sharp corners.
7.The site should be situated on an elevated place and also leveled with uniform slopes from one end to the other to provide good and quick drainage of rain water.
8.The soil of the site should be good enough with high safe bearing capacity to provide economical foundations.
9.The site should be situated in such a naturally beautiful environment that creates healthy living and working conditions.
10.The site should be away from quarries, kilns, factories, industries, rivers carrying heavy floods, water logged areas, badly maintained drain and slums, etc.
11.The legal and financial aspects should also be given due consideration. 

BEDROOM INTERIORS : GALLERY

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Thursday, January 30, 2014

Bathtub Gallery #3

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VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING

 The term ventilation is used to mean the free passage of clean air in a structure.  In other words, the removal of all vitiated air from a building  and its replacement with fresh air is known as ventilation. It is important from the engineering view point for the following reasons:
1.If the room is not properly ventilated, there will be  excessive quantity of carbon dioxide in the air. The more the a mount of carbon dioxide, the more difficult is the breathing. It is observed that breathing is  difficult when the amount of carbon dioxide by volume is about per  cent and a man loses consciousness when it reaches about 10 per cent or so. For comfortable  working, the carbon dioxide  content  should be limited to about. By volume.
2. The ventilation is required to control dust and other impurities in the air. This is the main cause of insisting proper ventilation in the industrial buildings.
3.The ventilation  is also  required to suppress odours, smoke, concentration of bacteria, etc.
4.The proper and sufficient ventilation results in absence of condensation.  The difference of temperature between the outside air and the inside air tends to the deposition of moisture on the room surfaces. This is known as the condensation and it can be effectively controlled by the provision of suitable ventilation of  this is known as he condensation and it can be effectively controlled by the provision of suitable ventilation of the room.
5.For removal of body heat liberated or generated by the occupants. The ventilation is necessary.
6.In order to prevent the formation of conditions leading to suffocation in conference rooms. Committee halls, cinema halls, big rooms, etc.   the proper ventilation of such premises must be made.
In this chapter, the topics of ventilation and air-conditioning will be described in brief. 
                       FACTORS AFFECTING VENTILATION
1. Air change
2. Humidity
3. Quality of air
4. Temperature
5. Use of building

                                            MINIMUM RATES OF FRESH AIR


Roofing Tips




  •  Paint and finishes of a Roofab Roofing Sheet and trim are designed to endure severe rain and wet weather conditions. Neither paint, galvanized, nor Galvalume finishes, are designed to be in continuous contact with water or condensation for long periods of time.
  •  Damage will result if uninstalled panels or trim are allowed to remain wet in storage. Be sure to store material that will not be installed immediately in a dry location. Wet material should be air-dried and re-stacked if installation immediate.
  •  Plastic should not be used to cover metal panels.
  •  Be careful not to let metals of different types touch each other. Chemical reactions between different materials can invite corrosion.
  •  Keep paint touched up to keep rust at bay.
  •  Repair holes and open seams as soon as possible.
  •  Cover very small holes with roofing cement. Solder a patch of the same metal over larger holes.
  •  Only use screws made of the same metal as the roof.
  •  Always use screws with washers and install them in raised areas, not low areas where water can pool and leak.

Wednesday, January 29, 2014

Bathtub Gallery #2

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